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List of Padma Vibhushan award recipients
The Padma Vibhushan is the second-highest civilian award of the Republic of India. Instituted on 2 January 1954,〔 the award is given for the "exceptional and distinguished service", without distinction of race, occupation, position, or sex. The Padma Vibhushan award recipients are announced every year on Republic Day of India and registered in ''The Gazette of India''a publication released weekly by the Department of Publication, Ministry of Urban Development used for official government notices. The conferral of the award is not considered official without its publication in the ''Gazette''. Recipients whose awards have been revoked or restored, both of which require the authority of the President, are also registered in the ''Gazette'' and are required to surrender their medals when their names are struck from the register. , none of the conferments of Padma Vibhushan have been revoked or restored. The recommendations are received from all the state and the union territory governments, the Ministries of the Government of India, the Bharat Ratna and previous Padma Vibhushan award recipients, the Institutes of Excellence, the Ministers, the Chief Ministers and the Governors of State, and the Members of Parliament including private individuals. The recommendations received during 1 May and 15 September of every year are submitted to the Padma Awards Committee, constituted by the Prime Minister of India. The Awards Committee later submits their recommendations to the Prime Minister and the President of India for the further approval.〔
When instituted in 1954, the Padma Vibhushan was classified as "Pahela Warg" (Class I) under the three-tier Padma Vibhushan awards; preceded by the Bharat Ratna, the highest civilian award, and followed by "Dusra Warg" (Class II), and "Tisra Warg" (Class III). On 15 January 1955, the Padma Vibhushan was reclassified into three different awards; the Padma Vibhushan, the highest of the three, followed by the Padma Bhushan and the Padma Shri. The criteria includes "exceptional and distinguished service in any field including service rendered by Government servants" but excluding those working with the Public sector undertakings with the exception of doctors and scientists. The 1954 statutes did not allow posthumous awards but this was subsequently modified in the January 1955 statute.〔〔 The award, along with other personal civil honours, was briefly suspended twice in its history; for the first time in July 1977 when Morarji Desai was sworn in as the fourth Prime Minister of India. The suspension was rescinded on 25 January 1980, after Indira Gandhi became the Prime Minister. The civilian awards were suspended again in mid-1992, when two Public-Interest Litigations were filed in the High Courts of India questioning the civilian awards being "Titles" per an interpretation of Article 18 (1) of the Constitution of India. The awards were reintroduced by the Supreme Court of India in December 1995, following the conclusion of the litigation.
The recipients receive a ''Sanad'' (certificate) signed by the President of India and a medal with no monetary grant associated with the award.〔 The decoration is a circular-shaped toned bronze medallion in diameter and thick. The centrally placed pattern made of outer lines of a square of side is embossed with a knob embossed within each of the outer angles of the pattern. A raised circular space of diameter is placed at the centre of the decoration. A centrally located lotus flower is embossed on the obverse side of the medal and the text "Padma" written in Devanagari script is placed above and the text "Vibhushan" is placed below the lotus. The Emblem of India is placed in the centre of the reverse side with the national motto of India, "Satyameva Jayate" (Truth alone triumphs) in Devanagari Script, inscribed on the lower edge. The rim, the edges and all embossing on either side is of white gold with the text "Padma Vibhushan" of silver gilt. The medal is suspended by a pink riband in width.〔 It is ranked fourth in the order of precedence of wearing of medals and decorations.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Wearing of Medals: Precedence Of Medals )〕
The first recipients of the Padma Vibhushan were Satyendra Nath Bose, Nandalal Bose, Zakir Husain, Balasaheb Gangadhar Kher, V. K. Krishna Menon, and Jigme Dorji Wangchuk, who were honoured in 1954. , the award has been bestowed on 284 individuals, including 5 posthumous and 18 non-citizen recipients.〔〔 Some of the conferments have been refused or returned by the recipients; Vilayat Khan, Swami Ranganathananda, and Manikonda Chalapathi Rau refused the award; Lakshmi Chand Jain's family declined the 2011 posthumous conferment, and Baba Amte returned his 1986 conferment in 1991. Most recently on 26 January 2015, the award is bestowed upon nine recipients including one non-citizen recipients; L. K. Advani, Amitabh Bachchan, Parkash Singh Badal, Veerendra Heggade, Dilip Kumar, Rambhadracharya, M. R. Srinivasan, Kottayan Katankot Venugopal, and Karim Al Hussaini Aga Khan.〔
==List of awardees==
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